Sunday, February 26, 2017

Somali Mission History


Ministers in Africa started after the Portuguese sailors gradually found and set up settlements along the western shoreline of Africa. The first evangelists were a gathering of the Franciscan monks known as Capuchins. It is assessed that this gathering sanctified through water an expected six hundred thousand Africans. A significant part of the eastern shoreline of Africa, however, was prospering with teacher work. There were an expected twenty mission stations in the field. The Africans trusted that by tolerating Christianity that they would likewise be acknowledged into the Portuguese provincial control, however regularly the Africans were the ones attempting to make the Portuguese and the preachers get along.1



Islam entered the Somali coast in the years that followed the hijra; “the Prophet Muhammad’s migration (622 ce) from Mecca to Medina in order to escape persecution. The date represents the starting point of the Muslim era.”2 The principal agents of Islamization were Arab immigrants, scholars and traders, and later, indigenous teachers. As in Ethiopia, its expansion led to the emergence of small coastal city-states, such as Zeila and Mogadishu. However, the carriers of the new faith preached and lived among predominantly nomadic communities and within a society in which clan or tribal leaders controlled the scarce resources of vast expanses of territory.3 Christianity is a minority religion in Muslim Somalia. The official number of those practicing Christianity is just around 1,000 among the nation's aggregate populace of more than eight million occupants. The genuine number of Christian professionals in Somalia is obscure because of the marvel of Crypto-Christianity among ethnic Somali Muslim believers to Christianity. The genuine name of the private section of Somali Christian specialists, notwithstanding, is obscure. These are crypto-Christians of Somali Muslim backgrounds who have changed over to Christianity clandestinely. Religious abuse of these unofficial Christians has been predominant in Nairobi. Underground Somali holy places can't worship transparently as leaving Islam is a wrongdoing deserving of death in Somalia.



Sean Devereux
Sean Devereux was an English Salesian preacher killed in Kismayo, Somalia in 1993 while working for UNICEF. He has since turned into an outstanding good example for the guide working employment, especially among Christians. Prior to his death, He then started working with UNICEF in Somalia where he was doled out to arrange help for the starving, especially kids, in Kismayo, the fortification of one of the numerous warlords. After just four months in the nation, Devereux was lethally shot in the back of the head by a single employed shooter while strolling close to the UNICEF compound on Saturday, 2 January 1993.4 Italian Catholic nun Sister Leonella Sgorbati, Somalia's Mother Teresa, who had lived in Somalia for forty years, giving medical aid to the poor. In 2006, she was shot in the back outside a Somalia hospital. In 2014, near the capital city of Mogadishu, Abdishakur Yusuf, the leader of five underground Protestant congregations, was shot in the head five times by extremists.5








2. Britannica Academic, s.v. "Hijrah," Accessed February 26, 2017, http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/levels/collegiate/article/Hijrah/39809.



3. Ahmed, Hussein. "Reflections on Historical and Contemporary Islam in Ethiopia and Somalia: A Comparative and Contrastive Overview." Journal of Ethiopian Studies 40, no. 1/2 (2007): 261-76. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41988230.






            5. Shea, Nina. "BARBARISM 2014: On Religious Cleansing by Islamists." World                         Affairs 177, no. 4 (2014): 34-46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43556669.




Friday, February 17, 2017

Somali Contacts




The Somali area was possessed by the most punctual known pastoralists of Upper East Africa, The significance of this district is to a large degree because of its field at the heart of antiquated long-remove exchange systems, making it a common junction. Its exchange products, frankincense, and myrrh were connected to sanctuaries of numerous antiquated civic establishments. Including Ancient Egypt, which appears to impart multiple affinities to the district, semantically and culturally. [1] This human advancement delighted in an exchanging association with old Egypt and Mycenaean Greece since the second thousand years BCE, supporting the theory that Somalia or adjoining areas were the areas of the old Land of Punt. [2] When Alexander the Great vanquished the Persians, he picked up control over Egypt. In 332 B.C.E., he established the city of Alexandria, which had a twofold harbour. Fragments of agreements uncover the offer of merchandise from Punt (exhibit day Somalia).[3] The Puntites exchanged myrrh, spices, gold, midnight, short-horned dairy cattle, ivory and frankincense with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their business ports.[4]


https://www.britannica.com/place/eastern-Africa







http://www.dw.com/en/130-years-ago-carving-up-africa-in-berlin/a-18278894

Amid the middle Ages, a few capable Somali domains commanded the local exchange, including the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Warsangali Sultanate, and the Geledi Sultanate. In the late nineteenth century, through a progression of bargains with these kingdoms, the British and Italian domains picked up control of parts of the drift and built up the settlements of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland. [5] Along with France, the three European forces practiced provincial govern in Somalia from 1900 to 1960. The association between European provincial govern and the standing emergency of the postcolonial state in Africa is a hot subject of level headed discussion among researchers, lawmakers, and other intrigue bunches. The individuals who connect expansionism with the present emergency in Africa have made the contention that Somalia is currently in shambles as a result of its difficult experience under the different European supreme forces. In the late nineteenth century, amid the Berlin African colonization gathering of 1884– 1885. The dominant forces drafted their principles of engagement, cut out African grounds, and doled out them names that suited their royal interests.[6]European forces started the Scramble for Africa, which motivated the Dervish pioneer Mohammed Abdullah Hassan to rally bolster from over the Horn of Africa and start one of the longest provincial resistance wars ever. Hassan stressed that the British "have annihilated our religion and made our kids their youngsters" and that the Christian Ethiopians allied with the British were twisted after ravaging the political and religious opportunity of the Somali nation. [7]






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1.      Mire, Sada. Mapping the archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, art, script, time, urbanism, trade and empire. African Archaeological Review 32, 2015. (1): 114. http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/article/10.1007%2Fs10437-015-9184-9





3.      Northrup, Cynthia Clark. "Harbors". In Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present, edited by Cynthia Clark Northrup. London: Routledge, 2013. http://ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://literati.credoreference.com/content/entry/sharpewt/harbors/0






6.      Njoku, Raphael Chijioke. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Ser.: The History of Somalia. Westport, US: Greenwood, 2013. Accessed February 17, 2017. ProQuest ebrary. 77http://site.ebrary.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/lib/liberty/reader.action?docID=10666611#


Friday, February 10, 2017

Somali Trade and Natural Resources


Somalia's old past in exchange started with its commitment to The Silk Road or Silk Route. An old system of exchange courses that were for a considerable length of time integral to social association through areas of the Asian mainland interfacing the East and West from China to the Mediterranean Sea (207 BCE – 220 CE). Assuming a unique part in the improvement of the developments in Asia, India, China, Europe and the Horn of Africa, its most exceptional commitment is ostensibly was the trading of culture. Somalia was viewed as a noteworthy exchange accomplice amid the era. Frankincense, aloes, and myrrh were the significant fares; accepting electrical discharges brocade, finish product and porcelain.


As talked about before in this blog, Somalia's military history and strife have taken an enormous toll on its exchange history and endeavors. In the course of the last two rough many years of Somalia's history, the generation and transfer of three natural assets vital to what stays of the nation's economy have assumed crucial parts in financing the Somali clash. Benefits accessible from bananas, charcoal, and fisheries made another sort of war economy in which exchange members had more enthusiasm for keeping up the contention and keeping on picking up from it than in seeking after peace. Since the fall of the local government in 1991 and a formal managing an accounting framework, improvement outside the legislative center city of Mogadishu has been constrained. Here you will discover general stores, petroleum stations, and inns. Presently, Somalia keeps up a casual economy to a great extent in light of animals, settlement/cash exchange organizations, and broadcast communications.

Somali militiaman in Mogadishu market




Somali Fisherman
Farming comprises of sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans, dairy cattle, sheep, and goats. In 2014 Somalia traded $266M, making it the 173rd biggest exporter on the planet. The latest fares are driven by Sheep and Goats which speak to 35.6% of the aggregate fares of Somalia, trailed by Other Oily Seeds, which represent 28.4%.1


Somali Livestock


Total national output or Gross Domestic Output (GDP) measures the national pay and yield for a given nation's economy and is equivalent to the aggregate uses for every single last great and administration delivered inside the country in a stipulated timeframe. The GDP estimation of Somalia speaks to 0.01 percent of the world economy. Somalia arrived at the midpoint of 1.22 USD Billion from 1960 until 2015, achieving an unprecedented high of 5.95 USD Billion in 2015 and a record low of 0.18 USD Billion in 1960.2





CITATIONS





BIBLIOGRAPHY



Webersik, Christian, and Alec Crawford. 2012. "Commerce in the Chaos: Bananas, Charcoal, Fisheries, and Conflict in Somalia." Environmental Law Reporter: News & Analysis 42, no. 6: 10534-10545. Environment Complete, EBSCOhost. Accessed February 10, 2017. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=ab98c05b-84c1-4ff3-a184-3f1fca1809af%40sessionmgr4007&vid=0&hid=4106&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=77935479&db=eih

Friday, February 3, 2017

Somali Religion




Somali Women Praying


Somalis belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, to which the vast majority of the world’s Muslims belong. Somali's consider themselves 100 percent Muslims although less than 1 percent of ethnic Somalis are Christians. Those families are descendants of whose grandparents were brought up by Catholic missionaries. In regards to the denominations of Islam, The Sunni’s believe Muslims should elect their rulers, while the Shia believe that successions should follow along with the lines of descent from the prophet’s family. In the north is a society organized to implement Muslim precepts in which no distinction exists between the secular and the religious spheres. In the South where religious pioneers were at one time a vital part of the social and political structure, the government instituted legal changes that some religious figures saw as contrary to Islamic precepts regime reacted sharply to criticism, executing some of the protesters


Sunni Somali Men participating in Mosque

Artistic rendition of Jinn


According to the Qur'an, God created two apparently parallel species, man, and jinn. The man was created from clay and jinn was created from fire. The jinn is endowed with reason and responsibility but is more prone to evil than man. Physical in nature, having the capacity to collaborate in a material way with individuals and articles and similarly be followed up on. The jinn, people, and heavenly attendants make up the three known insightful manifestations of God. As human beings, the jinn can be good, evil, or neutrally benevolent and hence have free will like humans.1 Somalia also maintains folklore in a modified form of Islam. Secular leaders and their clan genealogies have the power to bless and harm others with what is known as Baraka; Baraka is considered a gift from God to the founders and heads. These leaders practice wadad; a form of folk astronomy based on stellar movements and related to seasonal changes. Its primary objective is to signal the times for migration, but it may also be used to set the dates of rituals that are specifically Somali. This folk knowledge is also used in ritual methods of healing and averting misfortune, as well as for divination.2 

http://evolvingcreation.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Creation.jpg
Holy Quaran




Islam was in no way, shape or form the first religion to have reached the Somali shores from the Middle East. Somali people, believed to have migrants of Kush, an ancient Nubian kingdom situated on the confluences what is now the Republic of Sudan, practiced a faith in and worship of a solitary god while likewise having confidence in the presence or conceivable presence of different gods. The focal god was the waaq (sky god), and also spirits of two sorts: great spirits called the ayaan or ayaana, and malicious spirits called the busho or bushi.However, since no indigenous spiritual group has survived, beliefs can therefore only be hypothesized by the terms regarding the aforementioned deities in Somali culture.


Horn of Africa, Muslim Demographic



Al-Shabaab Soldiers


Since northern Africa is heavily Muslim and southern Africa is heavily Christian, the great meeting place is in the middle, a 4,000-mile swath from Somalia in the east to Senegal in the west.3 Al-Shabaab, a Somali-based Islamist militant group with affiliations to Al-Queda, seize anyone suspected of converting to Christianity. Churches have been destroyed and congregations targeted to an extent that the small percentage of Christians are forced to worship in secret throughout the country. The following excerpt is taken from a recent article from Prophecy News Watch: Christian Converts from Islam Face Beheading in Somalia; “On March 4th of 2014, Islamic al-Shabaab radicals in the port town of Barawa in southeastern Somlia learned that two women had returned from Kenya and they suspected the cousins of being Christian. They seized 41-year-old Sdia Ali Omar and 35-year-old Osman Mohamoud Moge and brought them to the town square. As witnesses have reported, Mrs. Omar's two daughters, ages eight and fifteen, were forced to watch as the militants pronounced their sentence, "We know these two people are Christians who recently came back from Kenya; we want to wipe out any underground Christians living inside jihadist areas. The daughters screamed for villagers to stop the men as their mother and aunt were beheaded, but no one dared to intervene. The girls were taken to safety by a relative for fear that al-Shabaab would watch them and come for them next and they are now both living in hiding.”4 Similar stories resonate throughout the continent demonstrating Christian persecution and judgement.

Al-Shabaab massacre of Kenyan Christians

https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2013/12/23/muslims-massacre-1000-christians-in-central-africa/






 Citations


Bibliography 
ABDULLAHI, MOHAMED DIRIYE, and Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi. 2004. "Somalia: Pastoralism, Islam, Commerce, Expansion: To 1800". In Encyclopedia of African History, edited by Kevin Shillington. London: Routledge. Accessed February 3, 2017. http://ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=https://literati.credoreference.com/content/entry/routafricanhistory/somalia_pastoralism_islam_commerce_expansion_to_1800/0


Britannica Academic, s.v. "Al-Shabaab," accessed February 3, 2017, http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/levels/collegiate/article/574303.

Diriye Abdullahi, Mohamed. Culture and Customs of Somalia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood, 2001. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost. Accessed February 3, 2017. 55-67 http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzEyNzk2OF9fQU41?sid=b621bbcb-e9ed-45cb-b37c-120feaf49b22@sessionmgr102&vid=0&format=EB&rid=1


Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Somalia: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1992. Accessed February 3, 2017. http://countrystudies.us/somalia/